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SOCIAL
PSYCH EXAM 1 SUMMER 2002
READ THIS!
NAME: DATE:
·
This exam is due
at the beginning of class on Monday 6/10.
·
Pay close
attention to the word NOT;
read carefully! RECHECK YOUR EXAM
·
Some words may
be defined for your convenience. These words are in bold type
·
If you have any
questions at all, please email Steph or Carleton.
·
Do not
plagiarize textbook or course companion material when providing written
responses. Use your own words. Please refer to UNC policy regarding academic
misconduct (i.e., cheating, plagiarizing) if you have additional questions (See
student Code of Conduct book).
·
Your writing
must be very neat. If we cannot read it, we will mark it wrong—we simply do NOT
have time to track you down and ask you to translate. You are welcome to type
your answers and staple them to this exam when you hand it in. You do NOT have
to retype the questions.
·
Your exam will
be returned to you for you to keep.
·
Please make a
genuine effort to spell words correctly, use appropriate punctuation and verb
tenses, etc. See the class website’s link titled, “Grammar and Spelling.” If
any words on this list are misspelled or grammatical errors as noted on this
list occur in your exam, a half-point will be subtracted for each error. Use a dictionary
and a grammar book.
·
Make sure that
you are very specific in explaining how your examples accurately and clearly
illustrate a relevant social psychological concept.
·
Effort expended
on any endeavor is to be commended, however it is the quality of the
product/results that is most important in this class and in the "real
world." Use caution to not substitute quantity for quality.
·
Each multiple
choice question is worth 1 point unless otherwise noted. The point totals for
short answer questions will be noted next to the number of those questions.
·
You are welcome
to use your textbook, course companion, and notes. Do NOT collaborate with any
human being, however children under five and your goldfish are fair game.
CHAPTER ONE: Introduction to Social Psychology AND
CHAPTER TWO: Research Methodology
1. [1 pt]. Kathryn plans on earning a Masters or Doctoral
degree in Social Psychology. What are two possible career paths Kathryn could
pursue? Be specific in explaining how a background in social psychology could
help her perform particular duties. In addition to the brief information
described in Chp 1 of your Course Companion, you are also encouraged to search
on the Internet for social psychology related job announcements.
2. [7pts] Read one of the following articles (found in
the Reserve Section of Michener Library):
a)
What You Expect Is What You Get, b) Obey at Any Cost, or c) To Help or Not to
Help.
On a separate piece of paper: a) Identify at
least one Independent Variable (IV) and explain why it is an IV, b) Identify at least one Dependent
Variable (DV) that corresponds to the IV you chose to identify and explain why
it is a DV, c) Identify 2-3 ethical
concerns pertaining to the main study or any substudies discussed in the
article in you read (Note: ethical
issues may or may not be directly stated in the article. Elaborate on why the
issues you chose to identify do indeed present an "ethical" dilemma.
Answer on a separate piece of paper.
Page total / 8
3. Kristi wants to study college students' attitudes toward
birth control. What does she need to do before she can begin collecting data?
HINT: See pages 52-53 in your textbook.
a. Get approval from the Dean of
students
b. Attend a hearing conducted by student
government
c. Get approval from a university's
Institutional Review Board
d. Obtain a signature from the current
chairperson of the psychology department
4. [2
pts] Jon wants to investigate whether or not the variable, TV watching and the
variable, violent behavior are related. Answer all three parts:
a) (.5 pt) Is Jon reasonably expecting the two
variables to be negatively or positively correlated?
b) (.5 pt) State the null (Ho) and alternative
(H1) hypotheses.
c) (1 pt) If Jon finds that the two variables,
TV watching and violent behavior, are correlated there could be three possible
causal relationships (Which is why we do NOT determine cause and effect with a
correlational research design—additional experimental investigations would need
to take place). What are the three possible causal relationships with
regard to this particular example?
ANSWER
BOTH PART A AND PART B correctly for Question 5 for credit
5. In an attempt to dye his hair blonde Aaron's hair
accidentally turned sunset orange. This serendipitous event led Aaron to see
whether blondes or orange-heads have more fun. He recruited volunteers of all
hair colors who were willing to dye their hair either blonde or orange by
flipping a coin. He then gave them a questionnaire that assessed how much fun
they perceived themselves as having over a two month period.
serendipitous:
an accidental fortunate discovery
Part A. State the null (Ho) hypothesis.
a. Blondes will have more fun than orange-heads.
b. Orange-heads will have more fun than blondes.
c. There's a significant
difference of fun perceptions between blondes and orange-heads.
d. There's no significant difference of fun
perceptions between blondes and orange-heads.
Part B. What's the independent variable (IV) ; what's the dependent variable (DV)?
a. volunteers ; Aaron the researcher b. hair color ;
perceptions of fun
c. Aaron the researcher ; volunteers d. perceptions of fun ; hair
color
6. Which of the following are essential for
employing an experimental research design?
I consenting
volunteers II researcher control
III random
assignment IV a population
V a research grant
a. I and V b.
IV and V c. II and III d. III and IV
Page total
/ 5
CHOICE: ANSWER EITHER #7 OR #8
7. [2 pts] Ross and Samuels (1993) conducted a
study in which they recruited
a) (.5 pt) What is the Independent Variable?
b) (.5 pt) What is the Dependent Variable?
c) (1 pt) Referring
to the concept, “Randomization” how would Ross and Samuels ensure that their
study’s integrity wasn’t tainted by some people having really competitive
personalities or really cooperative personalities?
8. [2 pts]
Design your own quasi-experimental social psychological research design. Why is
it a quasi-experimental design?
CHAPTER THREE: Social Cognition—How We Think About the
Social World
9. [2 pts]
Provide two reasons why social psychologists are interested in social cognition.
10. Joe was
a Prisoner of War (POW) in a communist country. He and his fellow American
prisoners were forced to write essays about how communism is a superior governmental
ideology. After being released and
returned to American soil, the soldiers were questioned about their beliefs and
feelings regarding communism. Their responses were in a much more positive
direction compared to military assessments they had to take prior to their
military training. This is an example of?
*Definition
of ideology: the study of ideas; the doctrines, opinions, or way of thinking of
an individual, class, etc.; the body of ideas on which a particular political,
economic, or social system is based.
a.
Reconstructing past attitudes b.
Self-fulfilling prophecy
c.
Reconstructing past behavior d.
Automatic thinking
11.
[2 pts] What are two benefits of schemas and what are two disadvantages of
schemas?
Page total
/ 7
12.
[2 pts] From our discussion about eyewitness testimony describe how both a
defense attorney and prosecuting attorney can influence the eyewitness’
memory for specific details. Refer to a real-life situation in which you are familiar
or you get the creative juices flowing and make up a scenario. Be specific! Please
respond on a separate piece of paper.
13.
Kim participated in a
study in which she was asked to develop a theory for why “absence makes the
heart grow fonder.” Afterwards she was told that she had been purposefully
misled and that actually research has consistently shown that absence DOES NOT
make the heart grow fonder. “Out of sight, out of mind’ is the more accurate of
the two proverbs. Her persistence in holding onto her initial conceptions even
after her belief had been discredited is called?
a. stable
locus of control b. rosy
retrospection c. belief perseverance d. Stroop effect
14. [4 pts]The class
was distributed a story about Pat and Jamie. You will need this story in which
to refer. Half of the class read a story in which Pat and Jamie were
house-hunters and the other half read a story in which Pat and Jamie were
burglars. Describe how both groups of students’ memories were expected to be influenced
for the questions listed below,
#s 4 & 5 & 6. Incorporate the concepts related to schematic
processing, ACCESSIBILITY AND PRIMING, in your answer to clearly show that you
understand how these concepts relate to the expected findings of this activity.
Use
a separate piece of paper for your answer.
4. WHAT DO
YOU THINK PAT AND JAMIE ESPECIALLY NOTICED WHILE LOOKING AT THE HOUSE?
5. WRITE
DOWN EVERYTHING READERS CAN REMEMBER ABOUT THE HOUSE ITSELF.
6. WRITE
DOWN EVERYTHING READERS CAN REMEMBER ABOUT WHAT WAS IN THE HOUSE.
15. A
panel of psychologists interviewed a sample of 30 engineers and 70 lawyers and
summarized their impressions in brief descriptions.The following description
has been drawn at random from the sample of 30 engineers and 70 lawyers.
Twice
divorced, Frank spends most of his free time hanging around the country club.
His clubhouse bar conversations often center around his regrets at having tried
to follow his esteemed father’s footsteps. The long hours he had spent at
academic drudgery would have been better invested in learning how to be less
quarrelsome in his relations with other people.
What is the probability that Frank is a lawyer rather than
an engineer?
More than 80% of Univ of Oregon Students thought he was a
lawyer. Fair enough answer, BUT
When the rates were given as 70 engineers and 30 lawyers,
the responses were the same!
Which one of the following choices is the above scenario an
example of?
a. Representativeness heuristic b. Availability heuristic
c. Anchoring and adjustment heuristic d. Behavioral confirmation
16. The following is
a section of a song by Jewel from her 1994 Pieces of You album called "I'm
Sensitive." Pay particular attention to the words in caps and describe
which social psychological phenomenon this is an example of.
“I was
thinking that it might do some good if we robbed the cynics and took all their
food, THAT WAY WHAT THEY BELIEVE WILL HAVE TAKEN PLACE.”
a. self-reference
effect b. belief
perseverance
c. actor-observer
bias d. self-fulfilling prophecy
Page Total /
9
“Given
a thimbleful of facts we rush to make generalizations as large as a tub.”
–Gordon Allport
17.
[3 pts] a) Describe the purpose of
the activity in which 5 students looked at a picture of people on a subway
train and then described it to subsequent students, while student observers
recorded their peers’ recall. b) What
were the findings in the 1940s -1960s?
c) Why do you think the
results in our class were different?[Hint:
refer to concepts such as cultural and historical time frame to support
your response.] Answer on a separate piece of paper.
18.
At first, people tend to automatically believe everything they hear and see.
Second, they determine whether that information is accurate. Finally, they
discount that information if they do indeed determine that it is inaccurate.
According to Daniel Gilbert what factors increase the likelihood that people
will continue to believe false information? [Refer to your textbook]
a.
People are too self-focused.
b.
People’s egos prevent them from thinking that they might be wrong.
c.
People might be too tired or preoccupied.
d.
It’s hard to think on a full stomach.
19.
Despite the current controversy surrounding the 2002 Olympics pairs-figure
skating, the phenomenon known as counterfactual reasoning can help us
predict which type of medal winner will be happiest. Look at the choices below
and determine in order of happiest to least happy each of the medal winners
are. [Refer to your textbook]
Gold
= Russians Silver = Canadians Bronze = Chinese
a.
Russians most happy, then Canadians, then Chinese
b.
Russians most happy, then Chinese, then Canadians
c.
Canadians most happy, then Russians, then Chinese
d.
Chinese most happy, then Canadians, then Russians
20.
[3 pts] a) Which group of students
have the strongest statistical reasoning skills? [Refer to textbook]
a.
chemistry students b. medical
students
c.
law students d.
psychology students
b) What is the explanation
for the correct answer above?
c) List one strategy that your textbook authors
recommend for improving human thinking. Remember to use your own words—in other words, paraphrase.
CHAPTER Four: Social Perception—How We Understand Others
21. [2 pts]
a) How do men and women differ in
terms of flirting? b) According to
evolutionary psychologists, why does flirting occur?
22. Which
one of the following groups of people are most accurate in detecting lying?
a. people
older than 50 b. people younger
than 50 c.
men d. women
Page Total / 11
23.
In 1958 Fritz Heider
develop a theory, called ,
of how people explain others' behavior by attributing it either to internal
dispositions such as or external situations such as .
a.
attribution theory ; environmental demands ;
personality characteristics
b.
attribution theory ; personality characteristics ; environmental demands
c.
cognitive dissonance theory ;
environmental demands ; personality characteristics
d.
cognitive dissonance theory ;
personality characteristics ;
environmental demands
24. In explaining Patty Hearst's criminal
behavior, the prosecution in her trial described Patty as a rebel looking for a
cause. The Symbionese Liberation Army's (
Patty and her defense team explained the cause for Patty's
criminal behavior in terms of ?
They said she was a child who had been savagely abducted from her home
& kept bound & blindfolded in a closet for 57 days. During those weeks
in the closet she had been repeatedly threatened w/ death, repeatedly raped,
and repeatedly indoctrinated w/
a.
external attributions ; internal attributions
b.
intrinsic attributions ;
extrinsic attributions
c.
extrinsic attributions ; intrinsic attributions
d.
internal attributions ; external
attributions
25. Chiarra was late for an important psychology
exam. When explaining failure in the most flattering way she would attribute
the cause to:
(1) an : if it wasn't for
the darn traffic..........
(2) : I know I
can leave earlier next time to compensate for the traffic
(3) uncontrollable : It's not my fault, I can't drive
through the other cars.
a. (1)
external locus and; (2) unstable / changing characteristics
b. (1)
internal locus and; (2) stable /
unchanging characteristics
26. [3 pts]
Briefly describe a scenario that you are personally familiar with in
which you are trying to determine why someone did something. Next, use Kelley’s
covariation model of attribution theory to evaluate whether or not your impression of that person’s behavior can
be attributed to strictly dispositional factors or strictly situational
factors. Be sure to accurately incorporate, in your response, the concepts:
consensus, distinctiveness, and consistency and whether the person is high or
low on each of those concepts. Do NOT be vague! Answer on a separate piece of
paper.
27. Mandy
is fluent in four languages. One day she happens to be reading a newspaper article
about how a man strolled casually into a place of worship and shot and killed
six people. The journalist reported that the man was mentally unstable, had low
self-esteem, and had a warrant out for his arrest on traffic related offenses.
In which one of the following languages is Mandy
reading the newspaper?
a.
Swahili b. English c. Japanese d. Korean
Page Total / 7
28. [2 pts] Donald
Rumsfeld and Condoleeza Rice are discussing national security. Despite their
conversation being controlled to be equal on all counts (speaking lengths,
number of important points made), who will Robert Mueller perceive to be more
influential?
Who will perceive Donald
Rumsfeld and Condoleeza Rice to be equally influential?
President George W. Bush Robert
Mueller (FBI Director)
Donald Rumsfeld (Defense Sec)
Coleen Rowley (FBI, Special
Agent) Vice
President Dick Cheney
Condoleeza Rice (NSA)
George Tenet (CIA
Director) Richard
Clarke (National
Security Council
group
leader)
29. As Shawn is walking to class he sees someone trip and spill
their coffee. He thinks to himself, what a klutz. What did Shawn just do?
a. He
committed the fundamental attribution error.
b. He committed the
actor-observer effect
c. He demonstrated a
self-fulfilling prophecy.
d. He demonstrated
belief perseverance.
30. [2 pts]
You have a choice here of
either describing a concrete, original example of Defensive Attributions such
as: a) unrealistic optimism
OR b) belief in a just world
OR
c) Self-Serving Attributions using a
sports-related example.
CHAPTER FIVE: Self-Knowledge—How We Come to Understand
Ourselves
31. Vanessa's "Who Am I" list looks like this: 1)
shy 2) reserved 3) cautious 4) smart 5) witty
Ephraim's list looks like this: 1) friendly 2) leader 3)
son 4) brother 5) police officer
Who is defining herself or himself in terms of an interdependent
self?
a. Vanessa b. Ephraim
32. Dr. Shannon Potter and Dr. Danielle Weeks
(2002) conducted a tissue experiment (the kind of tissue's you use to blow your
nose). They asked participants which one of the four brands they preferred the
most. All the tissues were really the same brand. The researchers found a clear
serial position - recency effect (a preference for the last one they touched).
When asked to explain
why they preferred the one they did they never said anything about the order in
which the tissues were presented (which was the correct reason). Instead they might
have said something like, "Oh this one feels softer" or some other
nonsense since they were all the same. What did Potter and Weeks' experiment
show?
a.
participants are easily swayed by experimenter expectations
b.
according to reading theory since people read left to right, they chose the
tissue furthest to the right
c.
participants displayed the self-reference effect
d. people
are not as accurate about knowledge about themselves and why they do things as
they think they are.
Page Total / 7
33. [3pts]
Provide a personal
example of your self-concept
at age 6 and currently. Provide an example of your Looking Glass Self.
34. Social psychologists, Baumeister & Cairns
(1992) gave participants a personality test. Unbeknownst to the participants
they were randomly assigned to receive computer-administered flattering or
unfavorable feedback. Baumeister & Cairns secretly timed how long people
spent reading the feedback they received. Read the next sentence carefully!
When the
feedback was favorable, people spent significantly reading it and recalled
of it later
than when it was generally negative.
a. more
time ; less b.
more time ; more
c. less
time ; less d.
less time ; more
35. Miranda creates
obstacles and excuses for herself in advance of anticipating poor performance
so that she can preserve her self-esteem. For example she agrees to drive her
friend to her friend's parents' house down in
a. self-deception b. self
handicapping
c. false consensus
bias d. false
uniqueness effect
36. [1 pt] Katie’s fiancé gave her a 1-karat
diamond ring, which is smaller than most of her friends’ diamond rings. She
makes herself feel better by focusing on the fact that her ring is bigger than
the rings of the women with whom she works.
April is learning how to play the guitar. Although she
doesn’t expect to be as proficient as Eric Clapton or Jimi Hendrix, she does
compare herself to her guitar teacher.
ANSWER
BOTH A & B!
A) Katie is engaging in: B)
April is engaging in:
a. downward social comparison a. downward social
comparison
b. upward social comparison b. upward social comparison
c. relative social comparison c. relative social
comparison
d. absolute social comparison d. absolute social
comparison
37. is being
attuned to the way one presents oneself in social situations and adjusting
one's performance to create the desired impression. For example if you circled
true to the following statements
I guess I put on a show
to impress or entertain others
I would probably make a
good actor
I can look anyone in the
eye and tell a lie w/ a straight face
then you
would be described as a .
a.
Self-monitoring ; low
self-monitor
b.
Self-monitoring ; high self-monitor
c.
Self-awareness ; highly self-aware person
d.
Self-awareness ; poorly self-aware person
Page Total / 7
38. Swann studied individuals' drive to maintain
a stable consistent self-concept. He studied people who perceive themselves in
unflattering ways (have low self-esteem) and how they react to receiving
positive feedback (praise or success). Even though the news is good they feel
as though their self-concept has been threatened. Affectively (emotionally) people like to
receive strongly positive feedback, but cognitively they are skeptical and
distrustful of it. They are more inclined to believe feedback that confirms
their views of themselves even though emotionally they feel best after highly
positive feedback. He called this what?
a. social
comparison theory b.
actor-observer bias
c.
self-verification theory d.
self-handicapping theory
39. [3pts] a)
Describe a specific behavior in which you have tried (or are trying) to exert
self-control.
b) Based on
Baumeister and colleagues' research findings in your textbook, what are some
factors that have increased/will increase your success and what are some
factors that have increased/will increase the likelihood that you have
failed/will fail?
CHAPTER 6:
Self-Justification and the Need to Maintain Self-Esteem
40. Throughout Tricia's sophomore year in college she
engaged in unprotected sex with three different men. Tricia wasn't really
worried about getting pregnant because she has been careful to take her birth
control regularly. When Tricia quaffs
a little too much alcohol she tends to behave more impulsively by not delaying
sexual activity until she and her partner have condoms in their possession.
Tricia is well aware that her sexual partners could be passing a sexually
transmitted disease (STD) to her and she is well aware that she could have a STD
and be passing it to her partners. A recent human sexuality course has brought
to her awareness the discomforting knowledge that she doesn't not engage in
health-promoting sexual behavior. In order to cope, Tricia has started to believe that "it
won't happen to me, I'm different."
Which one of the following three basic ways is Tricia using
to reduce her feelings of discomfort—her dissonance?
a. Tricia is changing her behavior to bring it in line with
her dissonant cognition.
b. Tricia is justifying her behavior by changing one her
dissonant cognitions.
c. Tricia is justifying her behavior by adding new
cognitions (beliefs) to her existing repertoire of beliefs.
quaffs: imbibe, overindulge in food or drink; drink
deeply in a hearty or thirsty way
Page Total / 5
41. Casey's twentieth high school reunion is coming up this
summer. She has spent over 30 shopping hours at four different malls and on the
Internet looking for the perfect outfit for her formal reunion. She selected
two outfits that she would be equally happy with wearing and brought them home
to show her girlfriends and get their opinions. Finally she selected the black
one and returned the red one. A week prior to her reunion she went shoe
shopping and happened to see the red outfit she rejected. According to postdecision
dissonance, Casey is most likely to hold which one of the following
beliefs?
a. Despite rating the outfits equally at one point, Casey
now would rate her black outfit higher than the red outfit she decided against.
b. Even though Casey kept the one black outfit, now that she
sees the red one she rejected; she wants the red one instead.
c. Since Casey rated both outfits equally to begin with, she
still values them equally now even though she had to choose just one.
42. During a difficult biology exam, Ryan, who wants to
become a biologist, starts to think about the information he scribbled in pen
on his arm. All he would have to do is surreptitiously pull his sleeve
up his arm and glance at his notes. He finally decides not too. According to
the section in your textbook, “The Decision to Behave Immorally,” how will
Ryan’s experience of dissonance influence his attitude toward cheating?
a. Ryan will probably cheat on his History exam too.
b. Ryan will probably think that cheating is a victimless
crime that won’t hurt anybody.
c. Ryan will probably think that everyone cheats, so it’s
not that bad.
d. Ryan will probably think that cheaters are scumbags and
should be expelled from the university.
43. [3 pts] CHOICE:
Choose either part A or part B and answer the question.
Part A: For
every greyhound that goes on to race, nine others are bred and rejected.
Obviously this creates a problem for greyhound breeders who then have a glut of
dogs to feed, care for, and shelter. It costs a lot of money to care for dogs.
It costs about $15.00 to euthanize
dogs. Not too long ago a documentary showed greyhound dumpsites in which
hundreds of dogs have been clubbed to death and had their ears cut off and
burned (so the breeder code tattooed in their ears could not connect the dogs
to the breeders). The media's publicizing of these atrocities has resulted in
an increase in greyhound adoption agencies like Rocky
Mountain Greyhound Adoption (www.rmga.org). Despite many legitimate
adoption agencies operating nationwide, there are a few who operate in a less
than ethical manner.
euthanize: an act or method of causing death
painlessly
Part B: Provide a personally relevant example of
Justification of Effort. Be explicit in your response how your example
illustrates Justification of Effort.
Answer Part A or Part B here:
PAGE TOTAL / 5
44. A lot of people think that if males were castrated there
would be a lot less sexual assault in the
According to research on insufficient punishment which one
of the following statements is most accurate?
a. Extremely harsh punishment would serve as a sufficient
deterrent for people to avoid sexually assaulting others. They would
internalize prosocial values more effectively under threat of extreme
punishment.
b. Extremely harsh punishment would NOT serve as a
sufficient deterrent for people to avoid sexually assaulting others. They would
instead focus more on not getting caught.
c. Extremely harsh punishment would not affect for the worse
or the better people’s likelihood to sexually assault others.
45. [3 pts] Identify any group of people who has been or is
currently victimized. Based on social psychological findings, explain: How we
come to hate these victims. Be specific. [Refer to your textbook]
46. Jill holds the view of herself that she is a competent
and high achieving student.
Hugo wishes that he were an “A” student instead of a “C”
student.
Mark is okay with just getting by in college; he doesn’t
really care one way or the other how he does in his classes compared to his
peers.
Jill, Hugo, and Mark are all taking an English Literature
class this semester. All three students received a “C” on their first paper. Which TWO of the above students
are most likely to feel distressed according to self-discrepancy theory?
a. Jill b.
Hugo c. Mark
47. [4 pts] CHOICE: Choose either part A or part B and
answer the question.
PART
A: Provide a concrete example
of one of the following: a)
self-evaluation maintenance theory, b) self-verification theory, or c)
self-affirmation theory
PART B: In which kind of situation is a person more
likely to help a stranger than a friend?
PAGE TOTAL /
9
Exam Total: / 80
Graded by: ST / CD