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EXAM 1: STUDY GUIDE INFO BY CHAPTER
Caution: The following
information is to be used as a guide not a contract. Turn each item into a
question and see if you can answer it confidently. If concepts are unclear,
come see me and/or the assistants during office hours. You are also welcome to
contact us via email or telephone.
* In the Course Companion (CC) on pages 15-16 is study skill info.
* On pages 17-18 is critical thinking info.
*In the CC on pages 8-9 review What to Expect on Exam Days, especially
the information pertaining to “Ask yourself, Are you:…….there are 6 levels of
learning objectives in descending order of difficulty.
* In addition to utilizing your textbook and notes for study resources, I
have noted here and there when it would be a good idea to review the Course
Companion (CC) for additional information. The study guide will gradually get
less detailed as you gain familiarity and competency in reviewing all of your
resources (textbook, CC, notes, etc.) when being assessed for your knowledge level
and comprehension of course material (concepts, research results, applications,
etc.).
Chapter 1:
Introduction to Social Psychology
·
What is the
definition of psychology? See page 20 in CC.
·
You will also
need to know how to spell psychology correctly.
·
What is social
psychology? See page 20 in CC
·
How are the
fields of social psych and sociology similar and different? See pages 21-22.
·
On page 23 in
the CC there is a spot to write about the Hindsight Bias (HB) activity. Recall
the True/False handout with 20 questions. Also, refer to your notes for the
definition of hindsight bias (a.k.a., Monday morning quarterback).
·
What are some
careers that social psychologists can pursue? See page 23 in CC.
·
On page 14 in
your textbook be able to identify the independent variable and the dependent
variable for Ross and Samuels’ (1993) study. You will also need to be able to
list and explain the findings of that study.
·
Why do social
psychologists study social problems? See page 23 of your textbook.
Chapter 2:
Research Methodology
·
What are the
three steps in conducting research? See pages 29-32 in CC?
·
What is a
theory? Can you prove a theory?
·
What is a null
hypothesis and alternative hypothesis. Be prepared to
write a research question as both a null and alternative hypothesis.
·
What is the
definition of statistics and what does statistically significant mean? See page
32 in CC.
·
Discuss the
advantages and disadvantages of the 5 research methods we went over in class.
Review pages 33-49 in CC.
·
What is a
variable?
·
What is a
positive and negative correlation? Create your own examples. What is a
correlation coefficient and what are examples of weak, moderate, and strong
correlations?
·
What is the
difference between a correlational research design and an experimental research
design?
·
What is an
independent variable (IV) and dependent variable (DV)?
·
What is a
quasi-experimental research design?
·
Define the
following terms: population, sample, randomization, random sample,
representative sample, biased sample? See page 44 in CC.
·
Review the
sexual harassment and black uniform studies. Review the “Design an Experiment”
handout in which you practiced identifying the IV and DV. Review the candy bowl
demonstration and how that demonstration was broken down in an experiment in
which we discussed the IV (no instruction group vs instructions to collaborate
group) and DV…………….
·
Define ethics
and review the section in your textbook where ethics is discussed. Familiarize
yourself with the relevant terminology (deception, debriefing, consent form,
etc.)
Chapter 3: Social
Cognition—How We Think About the Social World
·
What is social
cognition?
·
What do
psychologists mean by constructing interpretations and memories?
·
What did the
rumor mill activity illustrate?
·
What does
reconstructing past atts and past behs mean?
·
Discuss some of
the problems and research findings of eyewitness testimony.
·
What is
automatic thinking?
·
What is a schema
and what is it good for? When can schemas negatively affect our thinking and
memory?
·
Know the
following terms and be able to understand and discuss the research experiments
(and correlations if applicable) that illustrate each of the concepts:
accessibility; priming; belief perseverance; self-fulfilling prophecy;
behavioral confirmation; availability & representativeness heuristics; base
rate info/base rate fallacy;
·
Describe the
purpose of the activity in which 7 students looked at a picture of ppl on a
subway train and then described it to subsequent students. What were the
findings in the 1940s-1960s? Why do you think the results in our class were
different?
·
What is
controlled thinking?
·
What is
Gilbert’s theory?
·
What is thought
suppression?
·
What is
counterfactual thinking?
·
What is the
overconfidence phenomenon?
·
How do we
improve human thinking?
·
What was the
purpose of the two different versions of the Jamie and Pat story?
·
What did the
Stroop effect show?
Stroop
Effect Test: Class Demonstration w/
student participant Candice White J
In 1935 J.R. Stroop devised the Stroop Effect Test to assess
neurological functioning problems. This test has mistakenly been used as a
personality test. There is no evidence that shows this test is an appropriate
test for examining personality.
·
When one of our five senses (sight,
sound, smell, taste, touch) detects a stimulus, the resulting sensation is
changed into neural signals that are sent to the thalamus part of our brain.
·
When we read and say a word or
recognize and label a color on the Stroop Test, our visual organ, “the eyes”
sense the word or color and then neural messages are sent on their way to
appropriate parts of the brain.
·
Next, our brain sends neural messages
to speech and language areas of the brain and on to our vocal cords to say
aloud the word or color.
·
No confusion occurs when we read the
words.
·
Confusion DOES occur when we label the
colors. Why?
·
One explanation is that the human brain
is used to reading words, no matter what color or font style for that matter,
that the “word reading” process is automatic—we have established
extensive neural connections throughout our development. However, we do NOT
have established neural circuitry for focusing on labeling colors while
simultaneously ignoring the letters that make up the words.
Chapter 4:
Social Perception—How We Understand Others
·
What is social
perception?
·
What is the difference
between sensation and perception?
·
What is
nonverbal beh (NB)? What are the 4 uses of NB?
·
How do men and
women differ in terms of flirting? Why does flirting occur according to
evolutionary psychologists?
·
What are the 6
universal facial expressions?
·
Define encode
and decode
·
What are some
factors that decrease decoding accuracy?
·
How do women and
men differ in terms of encoding and decoding facial expressions?
·
What did the
lie/truth demonstration (w/ four students—Phillip, Kylie, Jenn, & Emily)
show? How did the class’ results differ from previous research findings?
·
How are Implicit
Personality (py) Theory and schemas related?
·
Why do we spend
so much time & energy trying to explain other ppl's beh?
·
What is
Attribution (attr) theory?
·
Note: Remember I abbreviate attitude as att;
attribution as attr.
·
What was Fritz
Heider's main contribution to the development of this theory {hint: internal vs
external}?
·
Give examples of internal & external attrs
·
Describe the revelance of the Gestalt perception
principle "figure-ground" to soc psych (Note that Gestalt is defined
in your textbook on page 16); recall the shirt example?
·
Define perpetual salience/ perceptual salience;
this is also discussed on page 96 of the CC.
·
Describe Jones & Davis' correspondent inference
theory
·
There are 2 types of expectations—what are they and
what examples can you provide?
·
Describe Bernard Weiner’s Taxonomy of Success and
Failure Attrs. Know the related terminology and be able to apply these concepts
to an example.
·
Know Kelley's covariation model. Kelley focused on
the proces tt ppl use to decide whether to make an internal or external attr.
His model focuses on multiple instances of beh, occurring across time and
across different situations. Kelley states tt there are 3 pieces of info tt we
cognitively process when we are forming attrs. What are these 3 pieces of info?
·
What are
some cultural differences in how ppl form attrs?
·
Def and provide examples of the fundamental attr
error (FAE) also known as correspondence bias
·
What did the Fidel Castro essay experiment by
Jones & Harris (1967) show?
·
What did the attr of responsibility demo show
{class was divided in what scenario was read regarding wife stabbing husband}
·
What is the actor/observer difference?
·
What is a self-serving
attr/ self-serving bias?
·
What is a defensive attr?
·
What is unrealistic optimism?
·
What does “Belief in a Just World” mean?
·
How accurate are our attrs and impressions? Why
are they sometimes inaccurate even if they seem accurate?
Chapter 5:
Self-Knowledge—How We Come to Understand Ourselves
·
What is a
self-concept?
·
What is
self-awareness and when does it develop in humans?
·
How does one’s
age influence self-concept?
·
What is a
self-schema and how is it different (more specific) than a schema?
·
What do
self-schemas do?
·
Define identity
·
What is a
possible self?
·
What is the
looking glass self?
·
What are
functions of the self?
·
How do cultural
differences influence our self-concept? Know the difference btwn independent
and interdependent self.
·
Describe some
possible gender differences in defining the self.
·
What is the
self-reference effect?
·
What is
self-awareness theory?
·
How accurate are
we regarding self-knowledge?
·
What is
self-deception?
·
What are 3
patterns of positive illusions?
·
What is
self-perception theory?
·
What is the
difference btwn intrinsic and extrinsic motivation; what is the
overjustification effect?
·
What is the
two-factor theory of emotion?
·
What is the drive for favorability and the drive for consistency?
·
What is
self-affirmation?
·
What is Tesser’s
view on maintaining a favorable self-concept? See pg 112 in CC.
·
What is
self-verification?
·
What does
misattribution of arousal mean?
·
What is the
cognitive appraisal theory of emot?
·
What is soc
comparison theory?
·
What is the
difference btwn downward and upward soc comparison?
·
What is the
difference btwn false consensus bias and false uniqueness effect
·
Regarding
impression management, know the following terms: self-presentation, impression management,
self-monitoring, ingratiation, and self-handicapping.
The
Questions on your exams will be comprised primarily of application-oriented
questions as opposed to factual questions.
Example of an applied
question: The United States Postal Office wants to hire
some psychologists to conduct research on employee satisfaction and worker productivity.
Which type of psychologist would be the most qualified for the job?
a) neuropsychologist b)
health c) cross-cultural d) industrial/organizational
Example of an applied
question: UNC received a substantial research grant to
conduct research on language development in school age children. Most schools
teach children how to read around five to six-years-old, but some psychologists
are arguing that children are capable of learning how to read at age three.
Which field of psychology would be most interested in studying this issue?
a) forensic b) experimental c) educational d)
school
Example of a factual
question: Which kind of psychologist
would be most interested in helping people cope with their grief when losing a
loved one to death?
a) social b) developmental c) clinical d) counseling
Example of a factual
question: Which kind of psychologist
is concerned with how people relate to one another and influence one another?
a) social b) developmental c) clinical
d) counseling